qmk_firmware/docs/feature_unicode.md

Unicode Support

Unicode characters can be input straight from your keyboard! There are some limitations, however.

QMK has three different methods for enabling Unicode input and defining keycodes:

Basic Unicode

This method supports Unicode code points up to 0x7FFF. This covers characters for most modern languages, as well as symbols, but it doesn't cover emoji.

Add the following to your rules.mk:

UNICODE_ENABLE = yes

Then add UC(c) keycodes to your keymap, where c is the code point (preferably in hexadecimal, up to 4 digits long). For example: UC(0x45B), UC(0x30C4).

Unicode Map

This method supports all possible code points (up to 0x10FFFF); however, you need to maintain a separate mapping table in your keymap file, which may contain at most 16384 entries.

Add the following to your rules.mk:

UNICODEMAP_ENABLE = yes

Then add X(i) keycodes to your keymap, where i is an array index into the mapping table:

enum unicode_names {
    BANG,
    IRONY,
    SNEK
};

const uint32_t PROGMEM unicode_map[] = {
    [BANG]  = 0x203D,  // ‽
    [IRONY] = 0x2E2E,  // ⸮
    [SNEK]  = 0x1F40D, // 🐍
};

Then you can use X(BANG), X(SNEK) etc. in your keymap.

Lower and Upper Case

Characters often come in lower and upper case pairs, such as å and Å. To make inputting these characters easier, you can use XP(i, j) in your keymap, where i and j are the mapping table indices of the lower and upper case character, respectively. If you're holding down Shift or have Caps Lock turned on when you press the key, the second (upper case) character will be inserted; otherwise, the first (lower case) version will appear.

This is most useful when creating a keymap for an international layout with special characters. Instead of having to put the lower and upper case versions of a character on separate keys, you can have them both on the same key by using XP(). This helps blend Unicode keys in with regular alphas.

Due to keycode size constraints, i and j can each only refer to one of the first 128 characters in your unicode_map. In other words, 0 ≤ i ≤ 127 and 0 ≤ j ≤ 127. This is enough for most use cases, but if you'd like to customize the index calculation, you can override the unicodemap_index() function. This also allows you to, say, check Ctrl instead of Shift/Caps.

UCIS

This method also supports all possible code points. As with the Unicode Map method, you need to maintain a mapping table in your keymap file. However, there are no built-in keycodes for this feature — you have to create a custom keycode or function that invokes this functionality.

Add the following to your rules.mk:

UCIS_ENABLE = yes

Then define a table like this in your keymap file:

const qk_ucis_symbol_t ucis_symbol_table[] = UCIS_TABLE(
    UCIS_SYM("poop", 0x1F4A9), // 💩
    UCIS_SYM("rofl", 0x1F923), // 🤣
    UCIS_SYM("kiss", 0x1F619)  // 😙
);

To use it, call qk_ucis_start(). Then, type the mnemonic for the character (such as "rofl"), and hit Space or Enter. QMK should erase the "rofl" text and insert the laughing emoji.

Customization

There are several functions that you can define in your keymap to customize the functionality of this feature.

• void qk_ucis_start_user(void) – This runs when you call the "start" function, and can be used to provide feedback. By default, it types out a keyboard emoji.
• void qk_ucis_success(uint8_t symbol_index) – This runs when the input has matched something and has completed. By default, it doesn't do anything.
• void qk_ucis_symbol_fallback (void) – This runs when the input doesn't match anything. By default, it falls back to trying that input as a Unicode code.

You can find the default implementations of these functions in process_ucis.c.

Input Modes

Unicode input in QMK works by inputting a sequence of characters to the OS, sort of like a macro. Unfortunately, the way this is done differs for each platform. Specifically, each platform requires a different combination of keys to trigger Unicode input. Therefore, a corresponding input mode has to be set in QMK.

The following input modes are available:

• UC_OSX: macOS built-in Unicode hex input. Supports code points up to 0xFFFF (0x10FFFF with Unicode Map).

  To enable, go to System Preferences > Keyboard > Input Sources, add Unicode Hex Input to the list (it's under Other), then activate it from the input dropdown in the Menu Bar. By default, this mode uses the left Option key (KC_LALT) for Unicode input, but this can be changed by defining UNICODE_KEY_OSX with another keycode.

  !> Using the Unicode Hex Input input source may disable some Option based shortcuts, such as Option + Left Arrow and Option + Right Arrow.

• UC_LNX: Linux built-in IBus Unicode input. Supports code points up to 0x10FFFF (all possible code points).

  Enabled by default and works almost anywhere on IBus-enabled distros. Without IBus, this mode works under GTK apps, but rarely anywhere else. By default, this mode uses Ctrl+Shift+U (LCTL(LSFT(KC_U))) to start Unicode input, but this can be changed by defining UNICODE_KEY_LNX with another keycode. This might be required for IBus versions ≥1.5.15, where Ctrl+Shift+U behavior is consolidated into Ctrl+Shift+E.

• UC_WIN: (not recommended) Windows built-in hex numpad Unicode input. Supports code points up to 0xFFFF.

  To enable, create a registry key under HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control Panel\Input Method\EnableHexNumpad of type REG_SZ called EnableHexNumpad and set its value to 1. This can be done from the Command Prompt by running reg add "HKCU\Control Panel\Input Method" -v EnableHexNumpad -t REG_SZ -d 1 with administrator privileges. Reboot afterwards. This mode is not recommended because of reliability and compatibility issues; use the UC_WINC mode instead.

• UC_BSD: (non implemented) Unicode input under BSD. Not implemented at this time. If you're a BSD user and want to help add support for it, please open an issue on GitHub.

• UC_WINC: Windows Unicode input using WinCompose. As of v0.9.0, supports code points up to 0x10FFFF (all possible code points).

  To enable, install the latest release. Once installed, WinCompose will automatically run on startup. Works reliably under all version of Windows supported by the app. By default, this mode uses right Alt (KC_RALT) as the Compose key, but this can be changed in the WinCompose settings and by defining UNICODE_KEY_WINC with another keycode.

Switching Input Modes

There are two ways to set the input mode for Unicode: by keycode or by function. Keep in mind that both methods write to persistent storage (EEPROM), and are loaded each time the keyboard starts. So once you've set it the first time, you don't need to set it again unless you want to change it, or you've reset the EEPROM settings.

You can switch the input mode at any time by using one of the following keycodes. The easiest way is to add the ones you use to your keymap.

Keycode	Alias	Input Mode	Description
UNICODE_MODE_FORWARD	UC_MOD	Next in list	Cycle through selected modes
UNICODE_MODE_REVERSE	UC_RMOD	Prev in list	Cycle through selected modes in reverse
UNICODE_MODE_OSX	UC_M_OS	UC_OSX	Switch to macOS input
UNICODE_MODE_LNX	UC_M_LN	UC_LNX	Switch to Linux input
UNICODE_MODE_WIN	UC_M_WI	UC_WIN	Switch to Windows input
UNICODE_MODE_BSD	UC_M_BS	UC_BSD	Switch to BSD input (not implemented)
UNICODE_MODE_WINC	UC_M_WC	UC_WINC	Switch to Windows input using WinCompose

You can also switch the input mode by calling set_unicode_input_mode(x) in your code, where x is one of the above input mode constants (e.g. UC_LNX). Since the function only needs to be called once, it's recommended that you do it in eeconfig_init_user() (or a similar function). For example:

void eeconfig_init_user(void) {
    set_unicode_input_mode(UC_LNX);
}

Audio Feedback

If you have the Audio feature enabled on the board, you can set melodies to be played when you press the above keys. That way you can have some audio feedback when switching input modes.

For instance, you can add these definitions to your config.h file:

#define UNICODE_SONG_OSX  COIN_SOUND
#define UNICODE_SONG_LNX  UNICODE_LINUX
#define UNICODE_SONG_BSD  MARIO_GAMEOVER
#define UNICODE_SONG_WIN  UNICODE_WINDOWS
#define UNICODE_SONG_WINC UNICODE_WINDOWS

Additional Customization

Because Unicode is a large and versatile feature, there are a number of options you can customize to make it work better on your system.

Start and Finish Input Functions

The functions for starting and finishing Unicode input on your platform can be overridden locally. Possible uses include customizing input mode behavior if you don't use the default keys, or adding extra visual/audio feedback to Unicode input.

• void unicode_input_start(void) – This sends the initial sequence that tells your platform to enter Unicode input mode. For example, it presses Ctrl+Shift+U on Linux and holds the Option key on macOS.
• void unicode_input_finish(void) – This is called to exit Unicode input mode, for example by pressing Space or releasing the Option key.

You can find the default implementations of these functions in process_unicode_common.c.

Input Key Configuration

You can customize the keys used to trigger Unicode input for macOS, Linux and WinCompose by adding corresponding defines to your config.h. The default values match the platforms' default settings, so you shouldn't need to change this unless Unicode input isn't working, or you want to use a different key (e.g. in order to free up left or right Alt).

Define	Type	Default	Example
UNICODE_KEY_OSX	uint8_t	KC_LALT	#define UNICODE_KEY_OSX KC_RALT
UNICODE_KEY_LNX	uint16_t	LCTL(LSFT(KC_U))	#define UNICODE_KEY_LNX LCTL(LSFT(KC_E))
UNICODE_KEY_WINC	uint8_t	KC_RALT	#define UNICODE_KEY_WINC KC_RGUI

Input Mode Cycling

You can choose which input modes are available for cycling through. By default, this is disabled. If you want to enable it, limiting it to just the modes you use makes sense. Note that the values in the list are comma-delimited.

#define UNICODE_SELECTED_MODES UC_OSX, UC_LNX, UC_WIN, UC_WINC

You can cycle through the selected modes by using the UC_MOD/UC_RMOD keycodes, or by calling cycle_unicode_input_mode(offset) in your code (offset is how many modes to move forward by, so +1 corresponds to UC_MOD).

By default, when the keyboard boots, it will initialize the input mode to the last one you used. You can disable this and make it start with the first mode in the list every time by adding the following to your config.h:

#define UNICODE_CYCLE_PERSIST false

!> Using UNICODE_SELECTED_MODES means you don't have to initially set the input mode in matrix_init_user() (or a similar function); the Unicode system will do that for you on startup. This has the added benefit of avoiding unnecessary writes to EEPROM.

send_unicode_string()

This function is much like send_string() but allows you to input UTF-8 characters directly, currently up to code point U+FFFF. Make sure your keymap.c is formatted in UTF-8 encoding.

send_unicode_string("(ノಠ痊ಠ)ノ彡┻━┻");

send_unicode_hex_string()

Similar to send_unicode_string(), but the characters are represented by their code point values in ASCII, separated by spaces. For example, the table flip above would be achieved with:

send_unicode_hex_string("0028 30CE 0CA0 75CA 0CA0 0029 30CE 5F61 253B 2501 253B");

An easy way to convert your Unicode string to this format is by using this site, and taking the result in the "Hex/UTF-32" section. Unlike send_unicode_string() this function supports code points up to U+10FFFF.

Additional Language Support

In quantum/keymap_extras/, you'll see various language files - these work the same way as the alternative layout ones do. Most are defined by their two letter country/language code followed by an underscore and a 4-letter abbreviation of its name. FR_UGRV which will result in a ù when using a software-implemented AZERTY layout. It's currently difficult to send such characters in just the firmware.

International Characters on Windows

AutoHotkey allows Windows users to create custom hotkeys among others.

The method does not require Unicode support in the keyboard itself but depends instead of AutoHotkey running in the background.

First you need to select a modifier combination that is not in use by any of your programs. CtrlAltWin is not used very widely and should therefore be perfect for this. There is a macro defined for a mod-tab combo LCAG_T. Add this mod-tab combo to a key on your keyboard, e.g.: LCAG_T(KC_TAB). This makes the key behave like a tab key if pressed and released immediately but changes it to the modifier if used with another key.

In the default script of AutoHotkey you can define custom hotkeys.

<^<!<#a::Send, ä
<^<!<#<+a::Send, Ä

The hotkeys above are for the combination CtrlAltGui and CtrlAltGuiShift plus the letter a. AutoHotkey inserts the Text right of Send, when this combination is pressed.

US International

If you enable the US International layout on the system, it will use punctuation to accent the characters.

For instance, typing "`a" will result in à.

You can find details on how to enable this here.